tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16877939198224317612024-03-05T19:53:23.601-08:00Andrew SmallJournalist - Historian - MusicianAndrew Smallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03636221127091765504noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1687793919822431761.post-28577654207341469242013-03-04T07:31:00.003-08:002021-07-22T14:08:57.624-07:00Days of Uncertainty and Dread by Jerry Bennett<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/andrewsmall-1870787-jerry-bennett-days-uncertainty/" style="font: normal 18px,arial;" target="_blank">Jerry Bennett's Days of Uncertainty and Dread</a></h3>
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<span class="s1"><b><span style="font-size: 11px;">I</span><span style="font-size: large;">NTRODUCTION TO 1863 GETTYSBURG</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P1</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1">1786 James Getty bought his farther’s house /tavern + 100 ac. laid out 210 lot town around a major road intersection</span>. Later evolved into a hub of 10 major roads.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Incorporated in 1800 as Adams County seat by State Legislature</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- town growth/development took off</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Economic diversity</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- agriculture and manufacturing (carriage/harness/blacksmithing)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- higher education</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- retail merchandise</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- county seat/courts</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Population diversity</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- 2400</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- professional: doctors, lawyers, teachers, bankers</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- merchants: shop owners</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- skilled labor: manufacturing</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- unskilled labor</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Advanced infrastructure and services</b></span> since 1800</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- 450 major buildings - telegraph service</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- 8 churches - Gas company</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- 2 banks - Water company</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- 3 weekly newspapers - 5 hotels</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- 2 institutions of higher learning - RR service</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <span class="s1">Period visuals</span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">P2 (Map of town square)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">P3 (Chambersburg St.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">P4 (York St.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">P5 (Baltimore St./Stoever building)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">P6 (Carlisle St.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">P7 (Lutheran Seminary)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">P8 (Pa. College)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Geographic location</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Only 40 miles from the Potomac River and the Confederacy</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- subjected to numerous alarms that "The Rebels are Coming" All but 1 false</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- no prior experience to prepare them to cope with what would engulfed them.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>JUNE 15</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>TH</sup></b></span><b> </b><span class="s1"><b>-30</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>TH:</sup></b></span><b> </b><span class="s1"><b>"UNMISTAKABLE SIGNS BEGAN TO ACCUMULATE"</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Early warnings of Confederate Invasion</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- <span class="s1">June 12</span><span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> <span class="s1">:</span> Gov. Curtin issues a state-wide warning of possible invasion</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- <span class="s1"><b>June 15</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>th</sup></b></span><b> </b>: Gov. Curtin announces the state invaded and calls for vols.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">-<b> </b><span class="s1"><b>June 16</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>th</sup></b></span><b> </b><span class="s1">:</span> 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> of several alarms that, "Rebels are coming" brought by fugitives</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">from Chambersburg who told of Rebel atrocities. Anxiety escalated to panic!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sallie Myers: <b><i>"The town was in a perfect uproar. The excitement was</i></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>intense for awhile but gradually subsided when the alarm proved false</i></b>."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. Fannie Buehler saw community denial, as a means of dealing with the stress:</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">"When the Rebs did not come we lost faith in their coming..we</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>tried to make ourselves believe that they would never come.</i></b>" </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">.<b> </b><span class="s1"><b>The town takes action to protect itself</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- June 17<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> a group of 83, mostly college and Seminary students, enlisted in<span class="s3"> </span>the 26<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Pa. Emerg. Vol. Inf. They became Co A and left immediately for<span class="s3"> </span>Harrisburg They would return in the morning of June 26<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> -A 2<span class="s2"><sup>nd</sup></span> call for local volunteers resulted in a cavalry company under a Capt. Bell.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> They began patrolling roads to the west and found Confederate scouts above<span class="s3"> </span>Cashtown 8 miles from Gettysburg. The town’s anxiety continued to rise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> - <span class="s1"><b>On June 23</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>rd</sup></b></span><b> </b>a large group of men from town, armed with axes, headed for</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <span class="s1">P9</span> Cashtown to fell trees across the road in the mountain pass. They met with<span class="s3"> </span>long distant Rebel fire before reaching Cashtown and quickly retreated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- This news triggered a new round of panic and action. Merchants and bankers<span class="s3"> </span>loaded goods & cash onto rail cars and sent them east for safe-keeping.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- <span class="s1">The AA community of 200</span>, fearing capture and removal South into slavery,<span class="s3"> </span>evacuated the town en-masse for remote destinations. Only 30% returned.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>The first Confederate occupation of Gettysburg</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> - <span class="s1">June 26</span><span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> <span class="s1">early AM</span> the 26<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Pa Emerg.Vol. Regiment with Gettysburg’s Co A.<span class="s3"> </span>arrive and headed out the Chambersburg Pike for Cashtown, looking for Rebs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <span class="s1">P9A</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> - <span class="s1">Early afternoon</span> , The 26<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Pa. is routed by Rebels . Bell’s cavalry brings the<span class="s3"> </span>alarm that "Rebels are coming" from Cashtown. <span class="s1">This time it is true!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- <span class="s1"><b>Pandemonium</b></span>! Citizens behind locked doors. Stores closed. Rebels galloping<span class="s3"> </span>through the streets. Young boys found the event "spectacular and exciting."</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P10</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Confederate infantry followed their cavalry into town along Chambesburg St..<span class="s3"> </span>At the enemy’s request stores were re-opened. Purchases made with worthless<span class="s3"> </span>Confederate money.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- No atrocities were committed. Telegraph was cut; several RR cars of 26<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span><span class="s3"> </span>Pa. Vols. equipment were burned, along with the RR bridge over Rock Creek.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Rebs left for York early next morning with the Compiler reporting : <b><i>"Their</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>deportment generally was civil</i></b>." Fannie Buehler agreed: <b><i>"They were civil and</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>well behaved.</i></b>"</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">.<b> </b><span class="s1"><b>An emotional crisis preceeds the arrival of contending armies</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- While relieved with the Rebel’s departure they felt the stress of being cutoff<span class="s3"> </span>and isolated. Where are our troops? Will the Rebels return? Who will protect us?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> - <span class="s1"><b>June 29</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>th</sup></b></span><span class="s1"><b>;</b></span> A peak of anxiety and fear gripped the town. Catherine Foster<span class="s3"> </span>recalled:<b><i>"The suspense grew intolerable to which the battle proved a relief</i></b>."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <span class="s1">P11</span> <span class="s1">June 30</span><span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> <span class="s1">, mid morning</span>, Sarah Broadhead saw the arrival of Rebel infantry<span class="s3"> </span>on Seminary Ridge. The dire news spread rapidly. Then a miracle. Buford’s<span class="s3"> </span>Cavalry Div. was seen along the Emmitsburg Rd. and turning into S. Wash. St.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P12</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- A spontaneous reception ensued! The blue troopers were met by deliriously</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">happy civilians who now felt they were safe at last. Their army had come.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Albertus McCreary spoke for the upbeat mental attitude of the town : <b><i>"Not</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>anyone even dreamed that a great battle would be fought near us.</i>"</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>JULY 1</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>st</sup></b></span><span class="s1"><b>: "AN AWFUL REALITY</b></span>"</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1">A normal day turned upside down</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Town began the day in a normal manner of town activity. Shops opened, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Citizens living on the west end of town heard faint sounds of gun fire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Neighbors came into the streets asking each other, what does his mean? By<span class="s3"> </span>midmorning the noise of battle escalated and began to reach the rest of town<span class="s3"> </span>and what remained of normalcy ceased.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> - Soldiers in town confirmed the worst. The two armies had met west of town.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>The wounded and the humanitarian response by Gettysburg’s women</b></span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> - Soon wounded began arriving in the streets seeking medical care. Surgeons<span class="s3"> </span>were seeking buildings where they could deploy their operating tables. They<span class="s3"> </span>had no pre and post operation care aides.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">-This reality presented itself to Gettysburg’s women, who responded to the<span class="s3"> </span>mammoth challenge by volunteering to provide their skills already honed by<span class="s3"> </span>their 19<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Century family gender role of, <b>Dr. Mom</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Mary McAllister and her sister Martha Scott were one of the first of near a<span class="s3"> </span>hundred who stepped up. Most remained involved for 2 weeks. Some longer.+</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P13</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Sitting outside their home in the 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> block of Chambersburg St. They saw a<span class="s3"> </span>Union soldier mounted on a white horse walking up the street. He was<span class="s3"> </span>bleeding heavily. Stunned into action Mary and a neighbor got the man off his<span class="s3"> </span>horse and into the Scott’s parlor where Martha treated his wound.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P14</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Mary then joined another neighbor in opening doors to the Christ Lutheran<span class="s3"> </span>Church, immediately across the street. The 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> church to serve as a hospital.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Women not nursing in hospitals or in their homes made bandages. Others<span class="s3"> </span>cooked meals for wounded and the doctors. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">.<b> </b><span class="s1"><b>Varied behaviors began to manifest themselves among many citizens</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- <b>A morbid curiosity</b> gripped many</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- As the intensity of battle grew many citizens, mostly men went to their roof </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">tops or out towards Seminary Ridge in hopes of seeing the combat. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">-Their curiosity faded rapidly when the noise of shells passed over their heads.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P15</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- One citizen took an equally unique course of action. 68 year old John Burns, a</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">veteran of the War of 1812, took an old musket and headed out to the</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">McPherson farm to fight the Rebels. He would suffer three wounds. Initially </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">picked up the Rebs, retrieved by a neighbor and returned to his home July 3rd.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Surprisingly few families fled the town, leaving their homes and property </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">unprotected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Others, living closest to the battlefield moved to more remote parts of town.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> . <span class="s1">Violent fighting in the streets of Gettysurg</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- A 2 hour lull in he fighting followed the heavy morning combat. During the<span class="s3"> </span>lull reenforcements arrived on both sides, expanding the battlefield<span class="s3"> </span>to the north.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Renewed fighting about 2 pm led to a Confederate victory and triggered a<span class="s3"> </span>huge retreat of the Union 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> and 11<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Corps thru Gettysburg to a reserve<span class="s3"> </span>position on Cemetery Hill at the southern outskirts of town.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P16</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Just 2 streets, Washington and Baltimore Sts, run unobstructed north to south.<span class="s3"> </span>creating a dangerous bottleneck for such a massive movement.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P17</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Union Officers rode through the streets ahead of the troops to warn citizens to<span class="s3"> </span>go to their cellars or risk being killed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">-The 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> and 11<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Corps piled into town, almost simultaneously, with Rebels in<span class="s3"> </span>hot pursuit. A massive foot and vehicle traffic jam resulted amidst brief flare-ups of deadly, close-quarter combat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">-This brought about the worst nightmare for citizens. In the dark of their<span class="s3"> </span>cellars they heard yells and screams, commands to "shoot that fellow," the<span class="s3"> </span>reports of musketry and even cannon blasts on Baltimore St..</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P18</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- In the cellar of his brick home at Washington and W. Middle Sts. Professor<span class="s3"> </span>Michael Jacobs and his family listened to the ceaseless racket of retreat. His<span class="s3"> </span>18 year old son Henry went to a cellar window at pavement level and witnessed a scene in the intersection of an exhausted Union soldier trying to<span class="s3"> </span>escape, shot in the back just a few feet from his would be captor. Henry, would<span class="s3"> </span>forever consider this incident a murder, not war.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">-The battle in the streets was much like a summer storm; coming on suddenly,<span class="s3"> </span>with violent intensity, and rapidly passing on.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Sudden end and ensuing quiet brought citizens out of their cellars to confront a scene of chaos in the streets and yards. Dead and wounded soldiers and<span class="s3"> </span>horses. The debris of discarded equipment and broken wagons everywhere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Union soldiers hidden at great risk by citizens</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">- Next came the confronting of their captor/occupiers, the Confederates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Several thousand flooded the streets setting up camps along the pavements. </span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Others began a house to house search for hideaways. Several hundred were<span class="s3"> </span>found. A small number, perhaps 3-4 dozen, avoided capture and were hidden<span class="s3"> </span>by brave citizens, risking arrest and perhaps deportation to a southern prison.</span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P19</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- The most famous incident of a soldier being sustained by a citizen was that of<span class="s3"> </span>Brig. Gen’l. Alexander Schimmelfennig, 3<span class="s2"><sup>rd</sup></span> Div. Cmdr., 11<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Corps. He found<span class="s3"> </span>refuge at a backyard woodshed at 323 Baltimore St., the home of Henry and<span class="s3"> </span><span class="s1">P20</span> Catherine Garlach. When darkness fell Mrs. Garlach went out to feed her pigs<span class="s3"> </span>from the slop barrels in front of the woodshed. The General revealed his presence to her. Though Rebs would occasionally occupy her backyard, she<span class="s3"> </span>was able to slip food and water to her "guest" as part of the hog feeding<span class="s3"> </span>routine until the Confederates retreated.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Darkness found soldiers and citizens exhausted and in need of sleep. Alice<span class="s3"> </span>Powers’ perhaps best expressed the thoughts of all citizens in her memoir:</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>"At night all was quiet but the tramp of guards reminded the town that it’s</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>citizens were prisoners</i></b>."</span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b><br />JULY 2</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>ND</sup></b></span><b> </b><span class="s1"><b>"OH! HOW I DREAD TOMORROW"</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>Life under enemy occupation</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Dawn on July 2<span class="s2"><sup>nd</sup></span> brought unanswered questions and considerable anxiety. As<span class="s3"> </span>prisoners in their own town they had concerns: Can we leave our houses? What are the restrictions for movement about town? How will the Rebs behave? Will they enter our houses and rob or harm us? </span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Curiosity drove many out onto the streets to find answers. They found that the<span class="s3"> </span>Confederates had issued no proclamations. Most remained camped on the<span class="s3"> </span>pavements paying little interest in the civilians.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The Rebs showed no inclination to enter occupied homes. Those left vacant by<span class="s3"> </span>citizens who evacuated the town were an open target for ransacking.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-Their interaction with the citizens was mostly concerned with begging food. </span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Citizens generally choose to share their food out of fear that there would be<span class="s3"> </span>retaliation if they did otherwise. Probably a wise decision.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Contention over food supplies was not the only imposition on the civilians.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Between 3000 and 5000 Rebel troops, at various times, camped within the<span class="s3"> </span>Borough limits. </span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Hygiene for this mass of soldiers was poor at best. Most had not washed<span class="s3"> </span>since crossing the Potomac River 2 weeks earlier. Many suffered from<span class="s3"> </span>dysentery. Their collective body odor was certainly overpowering.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- It did not take long for the combined use of 2400 citizens and several<span class="s3"> </span>thousand soldiers to jointly overwhelm the town’s privies. Backyard wells, if<span class="s3"> </span>not polluted, were likewise exhausted.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>Citizen’s mobility in Gettysburg not evenly accessible</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Gettysburg’s topography is such that a prominent ridge dissects the<span class="s3"> </span>town on an east-west axis. High Street nearly runs along the crest of that<span class="s3"> </span>ridge, which is locally known as Baltimore Hill. The ridge blocks the<span class="s3"> </span>south half of town from seeing any activity in the center of town north of<span class="s3"> </span>Baltimore Hill.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Citizens living on the north half of town could exit their homes and move around the streets with little danger from direct or aimed musket fire from<span class="s3"> </span>the area of Cemetery Hill. This safety and freedom of movement was not<span class="s3"> </span>available to citizens living to the south side of Baltimore Hill.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<b> </b><span class="s1"><b>Living in a combat zone</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> <span class="s1">P21</span> - The area between Baltimore Hill and Cemetery Hill as seen here was an<span class="s3"> </span>active combat zone during daylight hours. It contained opposing skirmishers<span class="s3"> </span>separated by distances ranging from from 20 -350 yards.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1">P22</span> - The main Union skirmish line was centered at the intersection of Baltimore<span class="s3"> </span>St. and Emmitsburg Rd.. The Wagon Hotel was a fort housing sharpshooters. </span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1">P23</span> - Rebel sharpshooters occupied buildings and even a protective barricade that </span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">was constructed across Baltimore St. at it’s intersection with Breckenridge St.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Citizens living on the south side of Baltimore Hill had no ability to safely<span class="s3"> </span>move about outside of their homes during daylight hours. They were restricted to their small, dark and damp cellars. Many with Reb SS upstairs.</span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P24</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- It is no surprise that the only civilian, Jennie Wade, killed during the 3 day<span class="s3"> </span>battle, was in the southern combat area of the town. She was staying at her<span class="s3"> </span>sisters brick house on the north face of Cemetery Hill. There is a basement<span class="s3"> </span>but she was on the 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> floor baking bread when an errant bullet passed<span class="s3"> </span>through 2 doors and struck her in the back, killing her instantly.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>No one was safe from errant artillery</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- No section of town was entirely safe from errant rounds of artillery. Thirteen buildings were hit inadvertently, causing no physical casualties, but severely<span class="s3"> </span>frightening the residents. Only 2 buildings were purposely shelled. They<span class="s3"> </span>were harboring Confederate sharpshooters.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">P25</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> - Catherine Foster’s home at S.Washington and W. High Sts. was hit three times. The first time on July 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span>. She had spent the morning as a spectator on<span class="s3"> </span>her rear, 2<span class="s2"><sup>nd</sup></span> story porch, only to leave it for her front door to watch the arrival of the 11<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> Corps. A shell came in and destroyed the porch before she<span class="s3"> </span>reached the 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> floor.. The house suffered two more hits on July 3<span class="s2"><sup>rd</sup></span>, with</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">similar close calls to the occupants.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>A rare night fight spoils sleep for the town</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- By 9pm July 2nd the town settled down for the night. Many placing their<span class="s3"> </span>bedding on the floor below the window sill as protection from an errant<span class="s3"> </span>bullet. Their precaution served them well. Before they settled in a<span class="s3"> </span>tremendous noise signaled a large attack launched by the Confederates at<span class="s3"> </span>Cemetery and Culp’s Hills, 3/4 of a mile from the center of town. No one</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">got sleep before midnight. </span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1">JULY 3</span><span class="s2"><sup>RD</sup></span> <span class="s1">"THE HEAVENS AND EARTH WERE CRASHING TOGETHER"</span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>A putrid atmosphere</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The 3<span class="s2"><sup>rd</sup></span> day of July began in the cellar for most of Gettysburg’ citizens. The<span class="s3"> </span>1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> streaks of dawn brought a renewal of the fight for Culp’s Hill with more<span class="s3"> </span>noise than actual danger for the town. It was more an infantry fight.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Citizens emerged from their cellars seeking fresh air and some news<span class="s3"> </span>as to who was winning this never ending battle. They got neither. No news<span class="s3"> </span>and putrid air.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-The weather was hot and muggy. This combined with the overflowing<span class="s3"> </span>privies, the decomposition of dead horses yet lying in the streets, the<span class="s3"> </span>hundreds of unwashed bodies and unburied piles of severed limbs from the<span class="s3"> </span>hospitals created a barely tolerable atmosphere.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>"Putting forth all their might"</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- For the last time in this great battle an overwhelming artillery duel,<span class="s3"> </span>beginning about 1pm, sent an already anxious citizenry to the safety of their<span class="s3"> </span>cellars.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">P26 - Their emotions ranged from sorrow to fear as captured in Sarah Broadhead’s diary entry: <b><i>"We knew that with every explosion human</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>beings were hurried through excruciating pain into another world and</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>many more were mangled and lying in torment worse than death. The</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>thought made me very sad. We knew that the Confederates were putting</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>forth all their might and it was a dreadful thought that they might</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>succeed</i></b>."</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- The noise reached a climax of mixed musketry and artillery and then was<span class="s3"> </span>supplemented by human cheers, Yankee cheers. Pickett’s charge had failed.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>The Confederates were "sullen and gloomy</b></span>"</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- An uneasy quiet settled over the field and town and remained into the<span class="s3"> </span>night. The civilians noticed a marked change in attitude among the Rebs.<span class="s3"> </span>As Sarah Broadhead noted:<b>"..<i>they look uneasy and by no means exultant</i></b>."</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-There was another change in the Rebel’s behavior that night. They undertook an aggressive search of many residences looking for hidden<span class="s3"> </span>Union soldiers cut off in town during the 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> days retreat. This was a<span class="s3"> </span>cause of alarm for anyone harboring such fugitives as seen by the case of<span class="s3"> </span>Prof. Stoever.</span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="s1" style="font-size: large;">P27</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Rebs broke into Stoever’s home and found 3 Union soldiers he had<span class="s3"> </span>been hiding. They left with their new found prisoners only to return<span class="s3"> </span>with orders to arrest Stoever. The Professor bargained with the detail from<span class="s3"> </span>his 2<span class="s2"><sup>nd</sup></span> story window; winning agreement to report himself to the provost<span class="s3"> </span>marshal the first thing in the morning. The Rebel’s early retreat from town<span class="s3"> </span>cancelled his commitment.</span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b>JULY 4</b></span><span class="s2"><b><sup>TH</sup></b></span><b> </b><span class="s1"><b>"RESURECTED FROM AN UNTOLD ORDEAL</b></span><b>...</b></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">. "<span class="s1"><b>..I knew we were now safe</b></span>.."</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- 2am Confederate’s began the withdrawal from the town. Mary McAllister<span class="s3"> </span>was awakened by the noise on Chambersburg St.. She quickly woke her<span class="s3"> </span>sister, Martha Scott, to give the good news. Martha’s response was: "<b><i>Oh, if</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>it is only true, for I am hardly able to go it.</i></b>" ( Was at the end of her rope.)</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- At dawn, Agnes Barr left her house at 220 Baltimore St and frantically<span class="s3"> </span>signaled the Union pickets to come into town. A small detachment<span class="s3"> </span>cautiously responded and discovered the Rebels had gone.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Most of citizens were just awakening, not aware of the Rebel’s departure.<span class="s3"> </span>The word spread quickly and soon a Union regiment with band playing<span class="s3"> </span>marched into the town square.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Even drenching showers could not dampen the people’s elation. Jennie<span class="s3"> </span>McCreary described the mood. "<b><i>How happy everyone felt. None but</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>smiling faces were to be seen</i></b><i>.</i>."</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>Serious dangers still prevailed</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> P28 - The Confederates had left the town but not the area. They were massed<span class="s3"> </span>along Seminary Ridge with skirmishers along Steven’s Run just 3<span class="s3"> </span>blocks from the center of town. These skirmishers fired along the east/west streets at any movement.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Several soldiers were wounded, before barricades were built across the<span class="s3"> </span>streets. Three civilians were also wounded during the day, none seriously.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- The day was cause for joy and general chaos, punctuated by several false<span class="s3"> </span>threats that the Confederates were going to shell the town.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">".. <span class="s1"><b>A dreadfully long day</b></span>.."</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Sarah Broadhead captured the soul and mind of the town with her July 4<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">diary entry: <b><i>"..day is ended and all is quiet, and for the first time in a week I shall go to bed feeling safe..</i></b>"</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1">JULY 5</span><span class="s2"><sup>TH</sup></span> <span class="s1">- "THE PEOPLE OF GETTYSBURG ASSISTED IN EVERYWAY</span>"</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>A second invasion</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- The armies had left by July 8<span class="s2"><sup>th</sup></span> . Were soon replaced by an overwhelming<span class="s3"> </span>host of civilian visitors </span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">P29 . Organizations such as US Sanitary Commission, Christian Commission,<span class="s3"> </span>and Sisters of Mercy all of whom provided care for the 21,000 wounded<span class="s3"> </span>left behind by the combined armies</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">. Relatives of soldiers both wounded and dead</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">. Curiosity and souvenir seekers.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">P30 - They came by the hundreds. Again Sarah Broadheads leaves us some</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">insight.: "<b><i>The town is as full as ever of strangers. Twenty are with us</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>tonight in addition to family and two patients, filling every bed and</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>covering the floors.</i></b>"</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">. <span class="s1"><b>debilitating conditions</b></span></span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Approximately 70 of the town’s public buildings and private homes were<span class="s3"> </span>being used to nurse wounded. They were gradually relieved of this burden<span class="s3"> </span>over the next three weeks.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- The overcrowding and heat of summer augmented by the constant presence<span class="s3"> </span>of the odor of decaying flesh added to the difficulty of a population trying<span class="s3"> </span>to regain normalcy in their lives. <b><i>"Everyone went around with a bottle of</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>pennyroyal or peppermint oil..</i></b>" to help combat the odor.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- It was impossible to get to sleep without shutting all windows to keep out<span class="s3"> </span>the odor. This was July and no air conditioning. The closed windows<span class="s3"> </span>barred odor, but retained the stifling heat making sleep difficult.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Insects feasting on the exposed flesh of poorly dug graves were another<span class="s3"> </span>source of discomfiture. Sickness was common but no citizen died from<span class="s3"> </span>exposure.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">.<span class="s1"><b>Aftermath</b></span>:</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- By August 1<span class="s2"><sup>st</sup></span> the town was relieved, with the exception of the Lutheran<span class="s3"> </span>Seminary, from caring for the wounded.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">P31</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Gettysburg was physically scarred, but not broken. The aftermath brought<span class="s3"> </span>a dramatic and permanent change for the town and it’s citizens.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- In August 1863 an effort among local citizens was initiated to<span class="s3"> </span>memorialize, and market, Gettysburg as the site of the great victory.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Led by local lawyer David McConaughy, it was proposed to buy key sites<span class="s3"> </span>of the Union battle lines to be maintained as the victorious army left them.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- The Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association was incorporated that<span class="s3"> </span>December. The GBMA functioned until 1895 when the U.S. Government<span class="s3"> </span>accepted their holdings as a gift and converted them into a National<span class="s3"> </span>Military Park.</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- The GBMA’s initial agenda was and still is a great success. Battlefield<span class="s3"> </span>tourist visitation beginning in earnest after the war’s end has grown into<span class="s3"> </span>the dominating element of the Gettysburg area’s economy. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="p2" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">- Little did Jennie McCreary realize the lasting prophecy of her words<span class="s3"> </span>written to her sister about the effect of the battle on the town:"..<b><i>tis not the</i></b><span class="s3"> </span><b><i>same quiet old place as it was</i></b>." And there is no evidence that it will ever<span class="s3"> </span>be. Our nation’s enduring fascination with the Gettysburg National<span class="s3"> </span>Military Park shows no signs of abatement.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1687793919822431761.post-65314750080737713822012-03-14T22:21:00.025-07:002021-07-22T14:09:10.129-07:00Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy: The Irresolvable Conflict of the Apollonian and Dionysian<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMePfkon6CZSv3aTQiicwx5pCyAk-eng2wyeWyHn2t3FZ7-rdbaGqFPqqT4_FFfqA4CKM3ZMUw6Z7QEa-kv7bz4tw6n7vRCAyxtE0JiBV2W-KyX_2Ie_w2DVN442dI9Wk8b2v-d_UCRgrz/s1600/ef7889dd6e98251cd581a79a7397_grande.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMePfkon6CZSv3aTQiicwx5pCyAk-eng2wyeWyHn2t3FZ7-rdbaGqFPqqT4_FFfqA4CKM3ZMUw6Z7QEa-kv7bz4tw6n7vRCAyxtE0JiBV2W-KyX_2Ie_w2DVN442dI9Wk8b2v-d_UCRgrz/s640/ef7889dd6e98251cd581a79a7397_grande.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Theatre of Dionysus near Athens, Greece</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In <i>The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music</i>, Nietzsche criticizes classicist nostalgia for Greek culture, stating, "Greek tragedy perished differently from all the other, older sister-arts: it died by suicide, as a result of the irresolvable conflict, which is to say tragically." (Nietzsche 45) He argues that Greek tragedy is not simply in perfect harmony with the "unity of man with nature" as described by Schiller's art-word "naive." (Nietzsche 24) </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nietzsche argues that the Greeks' view of the "image-maker or sculptor and the imageless art of music" is reflected by their respective deities of art, Apollo and Dionysus. (Nietzsche 14) He contends that duality of these drives works in open conflict to produce Greek tragedy. Nietzsche contends this conflict also causes Greek tragedy to destroy itself, giving way to the reflection and reason for which the Enlightenment reveres the Greeks as "noble, simple, elegant and grandiose!" (Johnston)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1"><b><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span></b></span>Nietzsche argues that the view of Greek art as "naive" exemplifies the prevalence of the Apollonian's dominance before tragedy. The Apollonian dream gave meaning and significance to the lives of the Greeks with illusion. Tragedy gives them the ability to imagine themselves as "restored natural geniuses." (Nietzsche 42) Nietzsche theorizes that the chorus in tragedy was originally always satyrs, or goat-men. Through this dream, "the illusion of culture was wiped away by the primordial image of man," linking the Apollonian dream with Dionysian instincts. (Nietzsche 41) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Through the actors and the plot, Greek tragedy energized the Dionysian celebration of the "inseparable ecstasy and suffering of human existence." The Dionysian impulse leads to the collapse of the Apollonian</span><b style="font-size: x-large;"> </b><i><span style="font-size: large;">principium individuationis</span></i><span style="font-size: large;">, joining the group's affirmation of the meaning of their existence. (17</span><span style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> While the Apollonian dream is an illusion, Dionysian music is "a direct copy of the Will itself." (77) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Nietzsche argues the Greeks' human condition is anything but simple optimism. Becoming entirely absorbed in either force leads to the destruction of the other, bringing about tragedy's death. The imbalance between the Apollonian and the Dionysian causes mystic participation in art and myth to be lost. (70) The spectators became detached from the experience of the tragedy, causing it to become art instead of ritual. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Greek tragedy reduced the prevalence of the chorus and the reflective nature of Euripides' human drama emerged. Socrates' emphasis on rationality eliminated the value of myth, suffering and instincts to human knowledge. The deities represent two art-worlds that "differ in their deepest essence and highest goals." (76) After Aeschylus and Sophocles, the emptiness left behind in the absence of tragedy causes a turn to "tragic resignation and a need for art." (75)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Enlightenment era's nostalgia for "Greek serenity," Nietzsche argues, may exaggerate "the cheerfulness <i>of the theoretical man.</i>"(86) He asserts that tragedy exhibits the Greeks' struggle with pessimism. Dionysian forces give the Greek spectator a healthy, direct experience of human suffering and reality while the Apollonian provides the audience with the protective spirit-of-tragedy dream. Nietzsche says these natural forces manifested in"music and tragic myth are equally an expression of a people that are inseparable from each other." Nietzsche argues this shows how Greek tragedy addressed the human needs of Greek society and was not simply "naive" expression. Nietzsche reminds us that the shared world of the two gods required a struggle between one another even when they were balanced symbolically. (138)</span></div>
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Works Cited</div>
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Johnston, Ian C., Trans. <i>The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music: by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche</i>. Google Books, 2008. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. </blockquote>
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Nietzsche, Fredrich Wilhelm. <i>The Birth of Tragedy.</i> Raymond Guess, ed. Ronald Speirs, trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999.</blockquote>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1687793919822431761.post-77923201915430430492012-03-08T14:31:00.009-08:002021-07-22T14:09:12.311-07:00Aristotle's Poetics: Is Imitative Art The Sincerest Form of Philosophy?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In <i><a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html" target="_blank">Poetics</a></i>, Aristotle argues that poetry "seems to have sprung from two causes, each of them lying deep in our nature." The first of these is the "instinct of imitation." This instinct enables man to feel pleasure and contemplate pain. While Plato's <i>Republic</i> condemns poetry and other forms of art as a false imitation of life, Aristotle's <i>Poetics</i> defends poetry as "a more philosophical and a higher thing than history: for poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular" (Aristotle IX). He argues that the <i>mimesis </i>that Plato objects to enables art forms like poetry and tragedy to evoke fear and pity through character and action, leading to a catharsis that can reveal truth to an audience.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Imitation frames how Aristotle explains the divergence among poets that creates Comedy and Tragedy. Aristotle says that there are two kinds of poets that use different means to balance the two instincts. The distinction lies between the "graver spirits" who imitate noble actions and the actions of good men through "hymns to the gods and the praises of famous men" and "the more trivial sort" who imitate the actions of "meaner persons" by composing satire (Aristotle IV).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">a detail of</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens">The School of Athens</a>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Aristotle uses the distinction between the two kinds of poets to evaluate Comedy and Tragedy. He argues that Comedy is an imitation of characters, while Tragedy is an imitation of actions. Like the rest of Greek society, Aristotle gives priority to action, which can reveal character, whereas character without action cannot reveal truth. Through action, the poet "brings in character at the same time and then character can reveal "<i>choice</i> of what to pursue and avoid" (Nussbaum 264).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Aristotle argues any poet's effort to "give pleasure to all" mandates that he should "be the maker of plots rather than of verse; since he is a poet because he imitates, and what he imitates are actions" rather than addressing particular individuals which an audience may not know (Aristotle IX). Plato's objection to poetry and imitation (or <i>mimesis</i>) stems from Socrates' radical departure from Homer and the Greek tragic poets. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Though Socrates denied to have moral knowledge, he argued that "a good man cannot be harmed" and that "nothing among humans is worth much seriousness" (Nussbaum 263). Aristotle rejects the idea that Tragedy should disgust a "good man" because it represents pity that is undeserved and fear that should be stoically rejected (269). Aristotle believes Tragic poetry should "admit room for both pity and fear to be legitimate emotions" (Nussbaum 270). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Aristotle argues that imitation plays a pivotal role allowing the audience a "proper purgation of these emotions" (Aristotle VI). He argues, "the pleasure which the poet should afford is that which comes from pity and fear through imitation" (Aristotle XIV). Nussbaum summarizes Aristotle's belief espoused in <i>Rhetoric</i> that imitation is essential to human emotions because catharsis connects an audience to reality through the tragic hero. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">"At his best, man is the noblest of all animals;<br />separated from law and justice he is the worst."<br /><br />-Aristotle</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Imitation to makes audiences understand "whatever we pity when it happens to another, we fear lest it should happen to ourselves- and conversely" (Nussbaum 274). Though Plato asserts that "people who believe nothing bad can happen to them will have no fear," Aristotle argues that because "fear takes as its object the hero described as 'similar,'" the audience will fear the downfall of a person like them and the related possibilities for themselves that the tragic hero imitates (Nussbaum 275). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Through imitation, poets connect an audience to the universal experiences which art aims to express. While the characters and actions in Tragedy, Comedy and Poetry may be fictitious, Aristotle implies imitative arts might bring the audience closer to knowledge than reality. </span></div>
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Aristotle. "Aristotle - <i>Poetics</i>." <span class="s1">Athenaeum Library of Philosophy</span>. Web. 15 Feb 2012. </blockquote>
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Nussbaum, Martha C. "Tragedy and Self-sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle on Fear and Pity." <i>Essays on Aristotle's Poetics</i>. (1992): 261-290. Print.</blockquote>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1687793919822431761.post-15652099318363312642011-09-28T18:11:00.000-07:002021-07-22T14:09:31.040-07:00Give Me A Brake! The Social Significance of Cycling<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 2; text-align: center; widows: 2;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1884, </span><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Mark Twain</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"> wrote</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><i>“Get a bicycle. You will not regret it--if you live.”</i></b> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In an unpublished essay titled “Taming the Bicycle,” Twain details his daring efforts to learn to ride a large-wheeled “penny-farthing” bicycle invented by James Starley in 1871 (Levinson).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">To Twain’s
likely relief, Starley's nephew, John Kemp Starley, invented the first
“safety” bicycle called The Rover a year later (“Icons of
Invention”). His creation of a better balanced and chain driven bicycle
propelled the product to become one of the most popular consumer goods of the
next century.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Through the
Gilded Age, public perception of the bicycle went from that of a dangerous play
toy for rich daredevil men to a popular, practical device for the working class
that everyone could use.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bicycles were
expensive at first and not available to everyone. Robert Smith, author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Social History of the Bicycle, </i>estimates
that “any of the nearly two-thousand men employed in cycle plants in 1890 would
have had to work nearly half a year at the prevailing wage to purchase one of
the machines he helped assemble” (Smith 26).<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Perhaps they
were better off waiting. Early bike enthusiasts bought bikes before innovations
like the invention of the pneumatic tire and the subsequent inventions of
brakes and gears made the hobby safer. After possibly the scariest beta tests
in history, bicycle prices began to drop in 1893, as a result of public
pressure and overproduction on the part of the manufacturers (25).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: large;">Bikes
became a popular form of recreation and a practical machine, stimulating many
business innovations of the era. Bicycles provided an energy efficient
alternative to horses and brought rapid individual transit before the mass
production of affordable cars. The innovations in mass production--including mechanization, vertical integration, and aggressive advertising—would all
become ideas that the automobile industry adopted soon. Many automobile makers
began their training in bicycle plants.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The bicycle
became a major consumer good. Major bicycle manufacturers spent between $4
million to $9 million a year to advertise bikes in newspapers designed to
market the “identity” of a cyclist (Furness 17).
Though early models of the
bicycle were marketed towards the upper class (costing around $100 to $150),
the bicycle had become affordable to working people by the turn of the 20th
century (Smith 17).</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1895, suffragist <b>Frances Willard</b> wrote in her book, <i>A Wheel Within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle</i>:</span></div>
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Tens of thousands who could never afford to own, feed and stable a horse, had by this bright invention enjoyed the swiftness of motion which is perhaps the most fascinating feature of material life </i></b>(Willard 11). </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;">The president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union emphasized how important the bicycle had been in reviving her health and political optimism, using a bike as a metaphor for politics of action, stating <i><b>"I would not waste my life in friction when it could be turned into momentum"</b></i>(“A Whole Philosophy of Life”).</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Though the
bicycle created some friction with the horse and buggy industry, it expanded
possibilities for cities. Cycling created demand for suitable roads to provide
ambulances, policemen, postmen, and other bicycle-savvy solutions to problems. The League of American Wheelmen lobbied for paved roads with the financial
assistance of Columbia bike manufacturer, Albert Augustus Pope. They created
pamphlets and magazines such as “The Gospel of Good Roads” and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Outing</i>, propagandizing the need to
legalize biking, to build roads, and to implement safety features (Furness 18).</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy6LyyGd5pZTshyTBuVULZYgV-PWZQ6k9PBPm2CKMHk4OlDVsZToAIuwfC0GKciMmvM4JOl6F6oEcMYa08cG0TLJsXdkc_FLvquHGf-85XiBQqcbMqV0qOoMgQDoXb9v1P9b6FzI6NV72k/s1600/bostonwheelmen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy6LyyGd5pZTshyTBuVULZYgV-PWZQ6k9PBPm2CKMHk4OlDVsZToAIuwfC0GKciMmvM4JOl6F6oEcMYa08cG0TLJsXdkc_FLvquHGf-85XiBQqcbMqV0qOoMgQDoXb9v1P9b6FzI6NV72k/s1600/bostonwheelmen.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Businesses
such as farmers, hotels, and inns benefited from tourism created by bikes
journeying into rural areas (Smith 54). The bike boom brought about change by
connecting communities closer together not only through building roads but also
by emergence of amateur social cycling clubs and professional bicycle races
(“Bicycling” 46). Bicycle culture created industries for accessories and uniforms
associated with cycling clubs. The social benefit of the bike would soon quiet
complaints from even the bicycle's harshest critics.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">At the onset
of the bicycle craze, physicians’ accused the bicycle of producing “chronic
disease” while priests condemned it as “diabolical devices of the demon of
darkness” (Smith 1). Cycling soon proved to not only to be beneficial for
strengthening the lungs, improving circulation and building muscle tone but it
also changed America's conception of moral propriety and social rules (67). The
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: large;">Though
originally marketed to men, women began to use bicycles and it changed their
fashion choices from clothing like the restrictive corset to more comfortable
clothing such as bloomers. Though some would criticize bicycle fashion as a
moral decay, most would welcome “rational dress” as a “reform that had been
long demanded by common sense” (Smith 109). </span><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<!--[endif]--><!--EndFragment--><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Susan B. Anthony</b> affirmed the progress the bicycle had brought about for women, stating in a New York Sunday World interview on February 2, 1896: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Let me tell you what I think of bicycling. I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. It gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance. I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel...the picture of free, untrammeled womanhood</i></b> (Bly 10). </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">While the
bicycle enabled greater freedom for the working class and for women, the
bicycle's freedom on the roads became somewhat of a liability given its unique
status. <br />
<br />
Many people considered bicyclists menaces on the road. Taxi cab drivers and
“teamsters” (previously used as a term for horse-and-buggy drivers rather than
truck drivers) tried to have cycling defined as a “hazardous occupation” (Smith
198). Bicycles would be given the same rights as other vehicles in 1897 along
with the restrictions and responsibilities that those laws imposed (197).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">George Bernard
Shaw would joke over three decades later, “<i><b>newspapers are unable seemingly to
discriminate between a bicycle accident and the collapse of civilization</b></i>”
(Moyers 3). Sensationalist accidents and ensuing social stigma marginalized the
cycling. Despite having literally paved the road for the possibility of other
vehicles, the bicycle presence began to decrease as roads became more heavily
populated.</span></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: large;">The
bicycle remains a fixture of American culture with approximately 16 million
bikes being sold in the United States every year (“Facts and Figures”).
Approximately 66% of the 130 million bicycles sold globally are made in China
(Panday). However, its role in broader society has changed dramatically. The
bicycle is still viewed as a luxury item of conspicuous yet pragmatic
consumption. A bicycle provides still fulfills superfluous fashion goals of
Gilded Age status seekers. Consumer marketing has changed from materialism to
an identity of ideals. The bicycle still serves as a symbol of self-reliance to
its current enthusiasts, while also representing an environmental and safer
alternative to the automobile.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">While cyclists
relish in their hobby, the majority of society today looks upon them in a
different light. Today, less than one percent of all commuters use bicycles to
commute to work (Furness 30). Motorists consider bicycles a nuisance and an
obstacle in the way of their road. Society still reveres bicycles as a form of
recreation and exercise today, but mostly as a childhood right of passage. The
motorist-cyclist reveals that many people may no longer view cycling as a legitimate
adult form of transportation. <br />
<br />
Zach Furness highlights in<i> One Less Car:
Bicycling and the Politics of Automobiles</i> how society perceives bicycles as
a “childish” device. Furness cites an example of this trope in <i>The 40 Year Old Virgin</i>. Steve Carell's
character, Andy Stitzer, rides a bike to work. Andy Stitzer's coworkers,
friends, and girlfriend consider his bike
evidence of his childish inability to grow up, his virginity (Furness
111). Ultimately, his girlfriend buys him a bike, embracing his quirkiness but
the damage is done; Stitzer’s bicycle is a silly remnant of his childhood to be
tossed away, losing his innocence after he brutally wrecks in the road.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Just as
bicyclists brushed off criticisms from detractors in the Gilded Age, bicyclists
today reject the judgments from those that deem bicycling unworthy of their
status on the streets. They have embraced their antagonistic role in the road
while also asserting that they can abide by the “grown up” rules designed to
ensure their safety. Bicyclists have successfully petitioned government to
build bike lanes in many cities. Nevertheless, bicycles face a danger
especially in urban areas. In 2009, 630 pedalcyclist deaths accounted for 2
percent of all traffic fatalities during the year. Seventy percent of those
deaths occurred in urban areas (“Bicyclists and Other Cyclists”). When Mark
Twain warned that you would enjoy a bicycle “if you live” he was commenting on
the dangerous design of the penny-farthing he rode; today, after all the
possible safety innovations created for and required of bicycles to legally
ride, the external threat of the automobile poses the greatest threat to
cyclists’ lives.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Many
bicyclists consider themselves activists with a duty to highlight the
injustices that car culture perpetuates. Cyclists have begun to use their
bicycles as a method of protest. One example of this kind of protest is the
recent series of naked bike rides that have occurred all across the country to
promote awareness of how cars pose a threat to their safety, both on the road
and environmentally. These naked protests share the spirit of disregarding
dominant concepts of social propriety as their predecessors in the bicycle
craze, while emphasizing the idea of positive body image that can be achieved
through cycling.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Through
bicycle activism, the bike has a chance to represent more than just sentiments
about road safety, healthy lifestyle, and fashion; the bicycle has become a
physical manifestation of individual power that accepts individual
responsibility. At the same time, the egalitarian nature of bicycle culture
welcomes both the amateur and the professional. Although the bicycle was
designed for the individual, the roads bicyclists demanded demonstrate the
possibility of collective effort in producing social benefits and bridging
social connections.</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-dm4twX1WmaiSbCZfOBId-AaM80n72Z7SxSQm7zm9HYaPeTmkNxSWS15Yt2cepp8iDue6bBMWTrUktrwNBraTsBW6rApZvx5pUPKgbHm3_cAtno_-_0IIObeYdzfZp8zz_AsgMCy8DS-M/s1600/ernestbike.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-dm4twX1WmaiSbCZfOBId-AaM80n72Z7SxSQm7zm9HYaPeTmkNxSWS15Yt2cepp8iDue6bBMWTrUktrwNBraTsBW6rApZvx5pUPKgbHm3_cAtno_-_0IIObeYdzfZp8zz_AsgMCy8DS-M/s320/ernestbike.jpg" width="227" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i>“<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">It is by riding a bicycle that you learn the contours of a country best, </span></i></span></b></span><b style="line-height: 32px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">since you have to sweat up the hills and coast down them. </span></i></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Thus you remember them as they actually are, </span></i></span></b></span><b style="line-height: 32px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">while in a motor car only a high hill impresses you, </span></i></span></b><b style="line-height: 32px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">and you have no such accurate remembrance of country you have driven through as you gain by riding a bicycle."</span></i></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="line-height: 32px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></i></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">-Ernest Hemingway</span></b></div>
</div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"></span></span></b></span><br />
<div align="CENTER" style="font-size: x-large; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Works Cited</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="hanging-indent" style="line-height: 200%;">
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"'A Whole Philosophy of Life' : Wisdom from the greatest book ever written about learning to ride." </span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Bicycling. </span></i></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Nov. 2006: </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Gale Biography In Context</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">. Web. 28 Sep. 2011.</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"></span></span></b></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">“Bicycling.” <i>Outing, an Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Recreation (1885-1906)</i>; Feb 1890; 15, 5; American Periodicals Series Online. Web. pg. 46</span></b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><strong><span style="text-decoration: none;">“</span></strong></span></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Bicyclists and Other Cyclists.” </span></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">Traffic Safety Facts 2009 Data</span></i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">. Washington, DC: NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 2010. Web.</span></span></span></span></strong></span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Bly, Nelly. </span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">“Champion of Her Sex.” </span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">New York Sunday World.</span></i></span></span></em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> February 2, 1896. Web. 28 Sep. 2011.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">"Facts and Figures.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">League of American Bicyclists. </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">2011. Web. 28 Sep</span></span></span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">.</span></span></span></span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> 2011. <<a href="http://www.bikeleague.org/media/facts/#americans">http://www.bikeleague.org/media/facts/#americans</a>></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Furness, Zach. </span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobiles.</span></i></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Temple University Press. Philadelphia, PA. 2010. Print.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><strong><span style="text-decoration: none;">“<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885.” </span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">Making The Modern World.</span></i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> 2004. Web. 28 Sep. 2011. <a href="http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1880-1939/IC.025/">http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1880-1939/IC.025/</a>></span></span></span></span></strong></span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Levinson, Cythia. </span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">“</span></span></span></span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">The Amazing Bicycle Tamer.” </span></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;">Cobblestone</span></i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u>.</u></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> Peterborough. May/June 2009; 30, 5; Web. 28 Sep. 2011.</span></span></span></span></strong></span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Moyers, Bill. "Big Odds and Small Acts of Rebellion." </span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Vital Speeches of the Day. </span></span></i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">77.1 (2011): 3-10. </span></span></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Military & Government Collection</span></span></i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">. EBSCO. Web. 28 Sept. 2011.</span></span></span></span></strong></span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Panday, Amit. “The Business of Bicycles.” </span></span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Dare</i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>.</u></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Web. <<a href="http://www.dare.co.in/opportunities/manufacturing/the-business-of-bicycles.htm">http://www.dare.co.in/opportunities/manufacturing/the-business-of-bicycles.htm</a>></span></span></strong><span style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> </span></span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></b></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">
</span></span></span></span></strong></span></b></span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smith, Robert A. </span></span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A Social History of the Bicycle.</i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> American Heritage Press. 1972. Print.</span></span></strong><span style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> </span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;">
</span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tyng, Emma Moffet. “Exercise For Women.” </span></span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Harper's Bazaar (1867-1912)</i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">; Aug 9, 1890; 23, 32; American Periodicals Series Online. Web. 28 Sep. 2011.</span></span></strong><span style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> </span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;">
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<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 32px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Willard, Franics E. </span></span></strong></span></b><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A Wheel Within A Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle</i></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>.</u></span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Woman's Temperance Publishing Association. Chicago, IL.1895. Web. 28 Sep. 2011. <</span></span></strong><strong><a href="http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=CUAfAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA11"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>http://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=CUAfAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA11</u></span></span></a></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">></span></span></strong></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1687793919822431761.post-46039267399396720032010-09-22T23:07:00.001-07:002021-07-22T14:09:42.365-07:00Broken Strings?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKFQypOhM0PEdEG5EI3AvIBGnwY0NMPvB06eDJLUWdEwjhC2Erm-qmevyANeHDgnIfQvVsAh8fLVuAeMqlnkx7K6OM5dkJq7bYjRBq-0-_QZf7xDJKIpzyQWKlfattgj_7pZua3y_mLMex/s1600/photophinal+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKFQypOhM0PEdEG5EI3AvIBGnwY0NMPvB06eDJLUWdEwjhC2Erm-qmevyANeHDgnIfQvVsAh8fLVuAeMqlnkx7K6OM5dkJq7bYjRBq-0-_QZf7xDJKIpzyQWKlfattgj_7pZua3y_mLMex/s640/photophinal+copy.jpg" height="470" width="640" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1687793919822431761.post-54775595685307897052010-05-27T19:13:00.000-07:002021-07-22T14:09:55.619-07:00Art of Listening Concert Review: Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM_yWaWFj8ct4ZdLlrHBH261sLO2LM91iGQa3tz39lBrrpLjmms6tfXyvqKBlcOgNYPU3R8zB7hJ_KcCeHvh8JrYQhgIY_PUscnCvhzcV_RtT9Go4b3X_22LY4stEE_z44YX9noSnJrWBr/s1600/7454.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM_yWaWFj8ct4ZdLlrHBH261sLO2LM91iGQa3tz39lBrrpLjmms6tfXyvqKBlcOgNYPU3R8zB7hJ_KcCeHvh8JrYQhgIY_PUscnCvhzcV_RtT9Go4b3X_22LY4stEE_z44YX9noSnJrWBr/s320/7454.jpg" /></span></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b> Who/What/When/Where:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The concert I attended was the Philadelphia Orchestra's Beyond the Score presentation of Igor Stravinsky's </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Rite of Spring</i></span><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The concert I heard was Orchestra music.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">This concert took place on Thursday, April 8th at 7 p.m.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The concert was held in Perelman Theater at the Kimmel Center.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Initially, I was going to post my concert review for this show, but then I realized that my work on that extra credit assignment sucked. I highly recommend checking out these Beyond The Score presentations. My explanation cannot do justice to the intricate imagery and timing involved in the video presentation with narration and teasing of musical ideas in this show. The presentation explained all about Stravinsky's piece from the pagan mythology that provides programmatic context for the music to the foreign sounds of Russian folk music (with live demonstrations of the folk instruments) to what Stravinsky sought to convey with his expansions of dissonance and rhythmic possibility. My summary cannot convey the sensory overload that Beyond The Score provided.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><object height="385" width="480"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/bjX3oAwv_Fs&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param>
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<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bjX3oAwv_Fs&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Since I can't explain much about the experience, here's a few facts about how awesome Igor Stravinsky is that I think fit well in my narrative about music.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEN3xdS4mahsFNtiM6k31h9NvF4HeRy8PSCnS0PNKl7Eo5MSP8CcnAlL_nsECkNr9ET0nzSDZRvadJBq47qxRUYGUrpJLQO5PntkUNLRuqN-GJ0MyJMMEP3_5wMOf3HOPdPa-DBgE5hW3c/s1600/Stravinsky_picasso.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEN3xdS4mahsFNtiM6k31h9NvF4HeRy8PSCnS0PNKl7Eo5MSP8CcnAlL_nsECkNr9ET0nzSDZRvadJBq47qxRUYGUrpJLQO5PntkUNLRuqN-GJ0MyJMMEP3_5wMOf3HOPdPa-DBgE5hW3c/s320/Stravinsky_picasso.png" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">In 1913, the Rite of Spring premiered in Paris with a rioting audience reacting to its extreme dissonances and rhythm irregularities. Wikipedia has a pretty good </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_spring"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">summary of the riots and the program notes</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> behind the piece. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">In </span></span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Le Sacre du Printemps,</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> Stravinsky</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> "stripped folk themes to their most basic melodic outlines, and often contorted them beyond recognition."</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">This photo is a drawing Picasso did of Stravinsky when they collaborated on </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Pulcinella</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> in 1920.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3X9XEYlu-FiVD_ktJn5P71LRMfXTFxl9Zx3KMsIVcg6G5v3YlqSQ45Q197SS9rthLPq5teS_YXmOKFF75JNBvNA9ljvYEECtYYpUBBF9BjhBH7zSxraxjAYbEg7M_-TST1hKaySP-iSa/s1600/stravinsky1-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3X9XEYlu-FiVD_ktJn5P71LRMfXTFxl9Zx3KMsIVcg6G5v3YlqSQ45Q197SS9rthLPq5teS_YXmOKFF75JNBvNA9ljvYEECtYYpUBBF9BjhBH7zSxraxjAYbEg7M_-TST1hKaySP-iSa/s320/stravinsky1-copy.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Despite the pagan themes of </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Rite of Spring</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">, Stravinsky was a devout member of the Russian Orthodox Church all throughout his life, remarking at one time,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"Music praises God. Music is well or better able to praise him than the building of the church and all its decoration; it is the Church's greatest ornament."</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwC7IzLbVo6KN_l5YQPnXnz5hvhsbc6wNnuaAILTuVxp0JkIJ4JVdTknr7PKDeDIi41ML2iT47jg0MU7VYDBJiTRmq9wcAg1-FVJeYIa3jOuvQurQoBgLex-s3sIYronn2I4W5pBzLtcrP/s1600/2spring_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"All the signs indicate a strong reaction against the nightmare of noise and eccentricity that was one of the legacies of the war.... What has become of the works that made up the program of the Stravinsky concert which created such a stir a few years ago? Practically the whole lot are already on the shelf, and they will remain there until a few jaded neurotics once more feel a desire to eat ashes and fill their belly with the east wind." </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">-Jean Cocteau on </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">The Rite of Spring</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> in </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Musical Times </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">1923</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">In 1935, American composer Marc Blitzstein stated,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"There is no denying the greatness of Stravinsky. It is just that he is not great enough." </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Blitzstein's position was that Stravinsky's wish was to </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"divorce music from other streams of life,"</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">which is </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"symptomatic of an escape from reality"</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">resulting in a </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"loss of stamina in his new works."</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">In 1940, Igor Stravinsky re-orchestrated </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"The Star Spangled Banner" </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">for the Boston Symphony. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Someone alerted the Boston police, who arrived at Symphony Hall, confiscated the instrumental parts to the Stravinsky orchestration and </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">arrested Stravinsky for...</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">"tampering with public property."</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Sound familiar?</span><br />
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The next Beyond the Score presentation at the Kimmel Center will be Modest Mussorgsky's <i>Pictures at an Exhibition </i>on Thursday June 03, 2010 at 7 PM.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilgrd14HBJGO7G7-em97iN3Xgqs09PHvs0y0YFsK8fiH7ukl3SPDHzfMuImKBrX6csxi0qYTFVbsDwewPyl4gLSMfXsoyUUORcBNdCcabLtYXWYZOp96u6kXLYgqwEYaksrZo9s0Xiu-Qo/s1600/beyond460.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilgrd14HBJGO7G7-em97iN3Xgqs09PHvs0y0YFsK8fiH7ukl3SPDHzfMuImKBrX6csxi0qYTFVbsDwewPyl4gLSMfXsoyUUORcBNdCcabLtYXWYZOp96u6kXLYgqwEYaksrZo9s0Xiu-Qo/s320/beyond460.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1687793919822431761.post-11627641265315007092010-02-19T16:27:00.000-08:002021-07-22T14:10:09.689-07:00Jimmy Heath's "I Walked With Giants" Book Talk and Today's Temple Bell Tower Cipher<div style="text-align: center;"><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/SHz_9QJtlxY&hl=en_US&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/SHz_9QJtlxY&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br />More videos on the <a href="http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=E7018075F01C4DB0">YouTube playlist.</a><br /><br />After the cipher I went to the Paley Library book talk with jazz legend Jimmy Heath. He was promoting his autobiography, <span style="font-style: italic;">I Walked With Giants, </span><span>printed by Temple University Press.</span> He grew up in Philadelphia, where he played with Sammy Reed in the Uptown Theater band and toured with the likes of Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, and Dizzy Gillespie.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoeldh4sU6lTDz3RC2rdPK7Ybzl-zUG-8mo1tQ9CermayhBw82p_4CN2vMrwSoO6oNJBdEVDZRonWIDlsMRa-ybTRXjUsJEHGQFgT1XUhjgHkhTRAOM38dItGExpBm0bYlS2sKW1f3NMjY/s1600-h/800px-Percy_Heath_&_Jimmy_Heath.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 248px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoeldh4sU6lTDz3RC2rdPK7Ybzl-zUG-8mo1tQ9CermayhBw82p_4CN2vMrwSoO6oNJBdEVDZRonWIDlsMRa-ybTRXjUsJEHGQFgT1XUhjgHkhTRAOM38dItGExpBm0bYlS2sKW1f3NMjY/s400/800px-Percy_Heath_&_Jimmy_Heath.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5440124232426713122" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:85%;">Jimmy performs with his brother, Percy.</span><br /><br />Heath performed today with Temple students Danny Janklow (alto), Joe Plowman (bass), and Ian Hooper (guitar) as well as Boyer instructor Terrell Staffer (trumpet).<br /><br /><object style="height: 344px; width: 425px;"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/TzWK5dc9x1s"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/TzWK5dc9x1s" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />I should have the full talk loaded to Vimeo by the end of the evening and I'll post an update tomorrow with some of my notes and highlights from the nearly hour long chat.<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com